Diacritics, though used for over a thousand years, only became mandatory in the Japanese writing system in the second half of the 20th century. Secondary alteration, where possible, is shown by a circular handakuten: h→ p For example ハ ( ha) becomes パ ( pa). A double dot, called dakuten, indicates a primary alteration most often it voices the consonant: k→ g, s→ z, t→ d and h→ b for example, カ ( ka) becomes ガ ( ga). The script includes two diacritic marks placed at the upper right of the base character that change the initial sound of a syllabogram. It may also be appended to the vowel row or the a column. This can appear in several positions, most often next to the N signs or, because it developed from one of many mu hentaigana, below the u column. The 50-sound table is often amended with an extra character, the nasal ン ( n). Three of the syllabograms to be expected, yi, ye and wu, may have been used idiosyncratically with varying glyphs, but never became conventional in any language and are not present at all in modern Japanese. Katakana glyphs in the same row or column do not share common graphic characteristics. In vertical text contexts, which used to be the default case, the grid is usually presented as 10 columns by 5 rows, with vowels on the right hand side and ア ( a) on top. The gojūon inherits its vowel and consonant order from Sanskrit practice. These are conceived as a 5×10 grid ( gojūon, 五十音, literally "fifty sounds"), as shown in the adjacent table, read ア ( a), イ ( i), ウ ( u), エ ( e), オ ( o), カ ( ka), キ ( ki), ク ( ku), ケ ( ke), コ ( ko) and so on.
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